• Alternatives To Valgrind On Windows
• Alternatives To Valgrind
• Alternative To Valgrind Mac

Valgrind Memcheck is a tool for detecting memory-usage problems such as leaks, invalid memory access, incorrect freeing, and referencing undefined values.

4.3.2 Using valgrind; 4.3.3 Using the Address Sanitizer. 4.3.3.1 Using the Leak Sanitizer; 4.3.4 Using the Undefined Behaviour Sanitizer; 4.3.5 Other analyses with ‘clang’ 4.3.6 Other analyses with ‘gcc’ 4.3.7 Using ‘Dr. Memory’ 4.3.8 Fortran array bounds checking; 4.4 Debugging compiled code. 4.4.1 Finding entry points in. The Valgrind tool suite provides a number of debugging and profiling tools that help you make your programs faster and more correct. The most popular of these tools is called Memcheck. It can detect many memory-related errors that are common in C and C programs and that can lead to crashes and unpredictable behaviour. The VALGRINDDISCARDTRANSLATIONS client request is an alternative to −−smc−check=all and −−smc−check=all−non−file that requires more programmer effort but allows Valgrind to run your program faster, by telling it precisely when translations need to be re−made.

Valgrind integration in CLion works on Linux, macOS, and Windows via WSL (see Valgrind on WSL ).

Configure Valgrind

1. Install Valgrind on your system.

   For WSL, install Valgrind on your WSL instance (sudo apt-get install valgrind) and provide CLion with the path to the executable (see next steps).

2. In CLion, go to Settings / Preferences | Build, Execution, Deployment | Dynamic Analysis Tools | Valgrind.

3. CLion will attempt to detect the Valgrind binary by searching in standard locations defined in the system PATH variable.

   In case of a non-standard Valgrind location, set the path manually in the Valgrind executable field.

4. Specify analysis options or use the default ones.

5. Optionally, configure the list of the suppression files. For example, you may want to add a suppression file to turn off the Valgrind checks for some particular libraries.

To use Valgrind on Windows via WSL, provide the 'subsystem' path to Valgrind, which is /usr/bin/valgrind by default, instead of the actual Windows location of the Valgrind binary. However, this path will not be valid until you select the CMake profile connected to the WSL toolchain. For this, do one of the following:

• Set the WSL toolchain as default. This way, it will automatically connect to the default CMake profile:

• Create a separate CMake profile, connect it to the WSL toolchain, and select this profile in the configurations switcher:

Run targets

To run a target (application or test) with Valgrind Memcheck, do one of the following:

• Click the gutter icon and select Run 'your_target_name' with Valgrind Memcheck option from the menu:

• Select the desired Run/Debug configuration and call Run | Run 'your_target_name' with Valgrind Memcheck from the main menu or click the dedicated toolbar icon:

If Valgrind was not configured previously, CLion will open the configuration dialog.

The TotalView debugger (or, more precisely, its Memscope) has a feature set similar to the one of Valgrind. You can also try Electric Fence (original author's link) (the origin of DUMA) for buffer overflows or touch-after-free cases (but not for memleaks, though). I don't think it is that bad either, given the alternatives. If one is going to fill this with boost::tostring or boost::lexicalcast or std::tostring, these functions would be doing the same thing internally (and several times). – alfC Dec 2 '20 at 21:09.

Explore results

• When the launch is finished, open the Valgrind tab in the Run tool window.

• The left-hand pane shows the list of all problems found by Valgrind Memcheck. Each entry includes the instruction pointer, problematic function name, and (if possible) the source file where the problem is located.

• In the right-hand pane, you can find full stack frame description and the corresponding code preview (when possible).

  Press F4 to jump back to the source code.

Export and import results

• To export the results, click the Export icon in the left pane of the Valgrind tab and specify the destination XML file: Note that the Export button is unavailable during execution.

• To import the results, select Run | Import Valgrind XML Results from the main menu and choose the XML file to import from.

Name

valgrind - a suite of tools for debugging and profiling programs

Alternatives To Valgrind On Windows

Synopsis

valgrind [valgrind-options] [your-program] [your-program-options]

Description

Valgrind is a flexible program for debugging and profiling Linux executables. It consists of a core, which provides a synthetic CPU in software, anda series of debugging and profiling tools. The architecture is modular, so that new tools can be created easily and without disturbing the existing structure.

Some of the options described below work with all Valgrind tools, and some only work with a few or one. The section MEMCHECK OPTIONS and those below itdescribe tool-specific options.

This manual page covers only basic usage and options. For more comprehensive information, please see the HTML documentation on your system:$INSTALL/share/doc/valgrind/html/index.html, or online: http://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/index.html.

Tool Selection Options

The single most important option.

--tool=<toolname> [default: memcheck]

--version

Show the version number of the Valgrind core. Tools can have their own version numbers. There is a scheme in place to ensure that tools only execute whenthe core version is one they are known to work with. This was done to minimise the chances of strange problems arising from tool-vs-core versionincompatibilities.

-q, --quiet

Run silently, and only print error messages. Useful if you are running regression tests or have some other automated test machinery.

-v, --verbose

Be more verbose. Gives extra information on various aspects of your program, such as: the shared objects loaded, the suppressions used, the progress of theinstrumentation and execution engines, and warnings about unusual behaviour. Repeating the option increases the verbosity level.

--trace-children=<yes|no> [default: no]

When enabled, Valgrind will trace into sub-processes initiated via the exec system call. This is necessary for multi-process programs.

Note that Valgrind does trace into the child of a fork (it would be difficult not to, since fork makes an identical copy of a process), sothis option is arguably badly named. However, most children of fork calls immediately call exec anyway.

--trace-children-skip=patt1,patt2,...

This option only has an effect when --trace-children=yes is specified. It allows for some children to be skipped. The option takes a comma separatedlist of patterns for the names of child executables that Valgrind should not trace into. Patterns may include the metacharacters ? and *, which have the usualmeaning.

This can be useful for pruning uninteresting branches from a tree of processes being run on Valgrind. But you should be careful when using it. When Valgrindskips tracing into an executable, it doesn't just skip tracing that executable, it also skips tracing any of that executable's child processes. In other words,the flag doesn't merely cause tracing to stop at the specified executables -- it skips tracing of entire process subtrees rooted at any of the specifiedexecutables.

--trace-children-skip-by-arg=patt1,patt2,...

This is the same as --trace-children-skip, with one difference: the decision as to whether to trace into a child process is made by examining thearguments to the child process, rather than the name of its executable.

--child-silent-after-fork=<yes|no> [default: no]

When enabled, Valgrind will not show any debugging or logging output for the child process resulting from a fork call. This can make the output lessconfusing (although more misleading) when dealing with processes that create children. It is particularly useful in conjunction with --trace-children=.Use of this option is also strongly recommended if you are requesting XML output (--xml=yes), since otherwise the XML from child and parent may becomemixed up, which usually makes it useless.

--vgdb=<no|yes|full> [default: yes]

Valgrind will provide 'gdbserver' functionality when --vgdb=yes or --vgdb=full is specified. This allows an external GNU GDB debugger tocontrol and debug your program when it runs on Valgrind. --vgdb=full incurs significant performance overheads, but provides more precise breakpoints andwatchpoints. See ??? for a detailed description.

If the embedded gdbserver is enabled but no gdb is currently being used, the ??? command line utility can send 'monitor commands' to Valgrind from a shell.The Valgrind core provides a set of ???. A tool can optionally provide tool specific monitor commands, which are documented in the tool specificchapter.

--vgdb-error=<number> [default: 999999999]

Use this option when the Valgrind gdbserver is enabled with --vgdb=yes or --vgdb=full. Tools that report errors will wait for 'number' errorsto be reported before freezing the program and waiting for you to connect with GDB. It follows that a value of zero will cause the gdbserver to be startedbefore your program is executed. This is typically used to insert GDB breakpoints before execution, and also works with tools that do not report errors, suchas Massif.

--track-fds=<yes|no> [default: no]

When enabled, Valgrind will print out a list of open file descriptors on exit. Along with each file descriptor is printed a stack backtrace of where thefile was opened and any details relating to the file descriptor such as the file name or socket details.

--time-stamp=<yes|no> [default: no]

When enabled, each message is preceded with an indication of the elapsed wallclock time since startup, expressed as days, hours, minutes, seconds andmilliseconds.

--log-fd=<number> [default: 2, stderr]

Specifies that Valgrind should send all of its messages to the specified file descriptor. The default, 2, is the standard error channel (stderr). Note thatthis may interfere with the client's own use of stderr, as Valgrind's output will be interleaved with any output that the client sends to stderr.

--log-file=<filename>

Specifies that Valgrind should send all of its messages to the specified file. If the file name is empty, it causes an abort. There are three special formatspecifiers that can be used in the file name.

%p is replaced with the current process ID. This is very useful for program that invoke multiple processes. WARNING: If you use--trace-children=yes and your program invokes multiple processes OR your program forks without calling exec afterwards, and you don't use this specifier(or the %q specifier below), the Valgrind output from all those processes will go into one file, possibly jumbled up, and possibly incomplete.

%q{FOO} is replaced with the contents of the environment variable FOO. If the {FOO} part is malformed, it causes an abort. Thisspecifier is rarely needed, but very useful in certain circumstances (eg. when running MPI programs). The idea is that you specify a variable which will be setdifferently for each process in the job, for example BPROC_RANK or whatever is applicable in your MPI setup. If the named environment variable is not set, itcauses an abort. Note that in some shells, the { and } characters may need to be escaped with a backslash.

%% is replaced with %.

If an % is followed by any other character, it causes an abort.

--log-socket=<ip-address:port-number>

Specifies that Valgrind should send all of its messages to the specified port at the specified IP address. The port may be omitted, in which case port 1500is used. If a connection cannot be made to the specified socket, Valgrind falls back to writing output to the standard error (stderr). This option is intendedto be used in conjunction with the valgrind-listener program. For further details, see the commentary in the manual.

Error-related Options

These options are used by all tools that can report errors, e.g. Memcheck, but not Cachegrind.

--xml=<yes|no> [default: no]

When enabled, the important parts of the output (e.g. tool error messages) will be in XML format rather than plain text. Furthermore, the XML output will besent to a different output channel than the plain text output. Therefore, you also must use one of --xml-fd, --xml-file or --xml-socket tospecify where the XML is to be sent.

Less important messages will still be printed in plain text, but because the XML output and plain text output are sent to different output channels (thedestination of the plain text output is still controlled by --log-fd, --log-file and --log-socket) this should not cause problems.

This option is aimed at making life easier for tools that consume Valgrind's output as input, such as GUI front ends. Currently this option works withMemcheck, Helgrind, DRD and SGcheck. The output format is specified in the file docs/internals/xml-output-protocol4.txt in the source tree for Valgrind 3.5.0or later.

The recommended options for a GUI to pass, when requesting XML output, are: --xml=yes to enable XML output, --xml-file to send the XML outputto a (presumably GUI-selected) file, --log-file to send the plain text output to a second GUI-selected file, --child-silent-after-fork=yes, and-q to restrict the plain text output to critical error messages created by Valgrind itself. For example, failure to read a specified suppressions filecounts as a critical error message. In this way, for a successful run the text output file will be empty. But if it isn't empty, then it will contain importantinformation which the GUI user should be made aware of.

--xml-fd=<number> [default: -1, disabled]

Specifies that Valgrind should send its XML output to the specified file descriptor. It must be used in conjunction with --xml=yes.

--xml-file=<filename>

Specifies that Valgrind should send its XML output to the specified file. It must be used in conjunction with --xml=yes. Any %p or %qsequences appearing in the filename are expanded in exactly the same way as they are for --log-file. See the description of --log-file fordetails.

--xml-socket=<ip-address:port-number>

Specifies that Valgrind should send its XML output the specified port at the specified IP address. It must be used in conjunction with --xml=yes. Theform of the argument is the same as that used by --log-socket. See the description of --log-socket for further details.

--xml-user-comment=<string>

Embeds an extra user comment string at the start of the XML output. Only works when --xml=yes is specified; ignored otherwise.

--demangle=<yes|no> [default: yes]

Enable/disable automatic demangling (decoding) of C++ names. Enabled by default. When enabled, Valgrind will attempt to translate encoded C++ names back tosomething approaching the original. The demangler handles symbols mangled by g++ versions 2.X, 3.X and 4.X.

An important fact about demangling is that function names mentioned in suppressions files should be in their mangled form. Valgrind does not demanglefunction names when searching for applicable suppressions, because to do otherwise would make suppression file contents dependent on the state of Valgrind'sdemangling machinery, and also slow down suppression matching.

--num-callers=<number> [default: 12]

Specifies the maximum number of entries shown in stack traces that identify program locations. Note that errors are commoned up using only the top fourfunction locations (the place in the current function, and that of its three immediate callers). So this doesn't affect the total number of errors reported.

The maximum value for this is 500. Note that higher settings will make Valgrind run a bit more slowly and take a bit more memory, but can be useful whenworking with programs with deeply-nested call chains.

--error-limit=<yes|no> [default: yes]

When enabled, Valgrind stops reporting errors after 10,000,000 in total, or 1,000 different ones, have been seen. This is to stop the error trackingmachinery from becoming a huge performance overhead in programs with many errors.

--error-exitcode=<number> [default: 0]

Specifies an alternative exit code to return if Valgrind reported any errors in the run. When set to the default value (zero), the return value fromValgrind will always be the return value of the process being simulated. When set to a nonzero value, that value is returned instead, if Valgrind detects anyerrors. This is useful for using Valgrind as part of an automated test suite, since it makes it easy to detect test cases for which Valgrind has reportederrors, just by inspecting return codes.

--show-below-main=<yes|no> [default: no]

By default, stack traces for errors do not show any functions that appear beneath main because most of the time it's uninteresting C library stuffand/or gobbledygook. Alternatively, if main is not present in the stack trace, stack traces will not show any functions below main-like functionssuch as glibc's __libc_start_main. Furthermore, if main-like functions are present in the trace, they are normalised as (below main), inorder to make the output more deterministic.

Alternatives To Valgrind

If this option is enabled, all stack trace entries will be shown and main-like functions will not be normalised.

--fullpath-after=<string> [default: don't show source paths]

By default Valgrind only shows the filenames in stack traces, but not full paths to source files. When using Valgrind in large projects where the sourcesreside in multiple different directories, this can be inconvenient. --fullpath-after provides a flexible solution to this problem. When this option ispresent, the path to each source file is shown, with the following all-important caveat: if string is found in the path, then the path up to andincluding string is omitted, else the path is shown unmodified. Note that string is not required to be a prefix of the path.

For example, consider a file named /home/janedoe/blah/src/foo/bar/xyzzy.c. Specifying --fullpath-after=/home/janedoe/blah/src/ will cause Valgrind toshow the name as foo/bar/xyzzy.c.

Because the string is not required to be a prefix, --fullpath-after=src/ will produce the same output. This is useful when the path containsarbitrary machine-generated characters. For example, the path /my/build/dir/C32A1B47/blah/src/foo/xyzzy can be pruned to foo/xyzzy using--fullpath-after=/blah/src/.

If you simply want to see the full path, just specify an empty string: --fullpath-after=. This isn't a special case, merely a logical consequence ofthe above rules.

Finally, you can use --fullpath-after multiple times. Any appearance of it causes Valgrind to switch to producing full paths and applying the abovefiltering rule. Each produced path is compared against all the --fullpath-after-specified strings, in the order specified. The first string to matchcauses the path to be truncated as described above. If none match, the full path is shown. This facilitates chopping off prefixes when the sources are drawnfrom a number of unrelated directories.

--suppressions=<filename> [default: $PREFIX/lib/valgrind/default.supp]

Specifies an extra file from which to read descriptions of errors to suppress. You may use up to 100 extra suppression files.

--gen-suppressions=<yes|no|all> [default: no]

When set to yes, Valgrind will pause after every error shown and print the line:

The prompt's behaviour is the same as for the --db-attach option (see below).

If you choose to, Valgrind will print out a suppression for this error. You can then cut and paste it into a suppression file if you don't want to hearabout the error in the future.

When set to all, Valgrind will print a suppression for every reported error, without querying the user.

This option is particularly useful with C++ programs, as it prints out the suppressions with mangled names, as required.

Note that the suppressions printed are as specific as possible. You may want to common up similar ones, by adding wildcards to function names, and by usingframe-level wildcards. The wildcarding facilities are powerful yet flexible, and with a bit of careful editing, you may be able to suppress a whole family ofrelated errors with only a few suppressions.

Sometimes two different errors are suppressed by the same suppression, in which case Valgrind will output the suppression more than once, but you only needto have one copy in your suppression file (but having more than one won't cause problems). Also, the suppression name is given as <insert a suppression namehere>; the name doesn't really matter, it's only used with the -v option which prints out all used suppression records.

--db-attach=<yes|no> [default: no]

When enabled, Valgrind will pause after every error shown and print the line:

Pressing Ret, or N Ret or n Ret, causes Valgrind not to start a debugger for this error.

Pressing Y Ret or y Ret causes Valgrind to start a debugger for the program at this point. When you have finished with the debugger, quit fromit, and the program will continue. Trying to continue from inside the debugger doesn't work.

Note: if you use GDB, more powerful debugging support is provided by the --vgdb=yes or full value. This activates Valgrind's internalgdbserver, which provides more-or-less full GDB-style control of the application: insertion of breakpoints, continuing from inside GDB, inferior functioncalls, and much more.

C Ret or c Ret causes Valgrind not to start a debugger, and not to ask again.

--db-command=<command> [default: gdb -nw %f %p]

Specify the debugger to use with the --db-attach command. The default debugger is GDB. This option is a template that is expanded by Valgrind atruntime. %f is replaced with the executable's file name and %p is replaced by the process ID of the executable.

This specifies how Valgrind will invoke the debugger. By default it will use whatever GDB is detected at build time, which is usually /usr/bin/gdb. Usingthis command, you can specify some alternative command to invoke the debugger you want to use.

The command string given can include one or instances of the %p and %f expansions. Each instance of %p expands to the PID of the process to be debugged andeach instance of %f expands to the path to the executable for the process to be debugged.

Since <command> is likely to contain spaces, you will need to put this entire option in quotes to ensure it is correctly handled by the shell.

--input-fd=<number> [default: 0, stdin]

When using --db-attach=yes or --gen-suppressions=yes, Valgrind will stop so as to read keyboard input from you when each error occurs. Bydefault it reads from the standard input (stdin), which is problematic for programs which close stdin. This option allows you to specify an alternative filedescriptor from which to read input.

--dsymutil=no|yes [no]

This option is only relevant when running Valgrind on Mac OS X.

Mac OS X uses a deferred debug information (debuginfo) linking scheme. When object files containing debuginfo are linked into a .dylib or an executable, thedebuginfo is not copied into the final file. Instead, the debuginfo must be linked manually by running dsymutil, a system-provided utility, on the executableor .dylib. The resulting combined debuginfo is placed in a directory alongside the executable or .dylib, but with the extension .dSYM.

With --dsymutil=no, Valgrind will detect cases where the .dSYM directory is either missing, or is present but does not appear to match the associatedexecutable or .dylib, most likely because it is out of date. In these cases, Valgrind will print a warning message but take no further action.

With --dsymutil=yes, Valgrind will, in such cases, automatically run dsymutil as necessary to bring the debuginfo up to date. For all practicalpurposes, if you always use --dsymutil=yes, then there is never any need to run dsymutil manually or as part of your applications's build system, sinceValgrind will run it as necessary.

Valgrind will not attempt to run dsymutil on any executable or library in /usr/, /bin/, /sbin/, /opt/, /sw/, /System/, /Library/ or /Applications/ sincedsymutil will always fail in such situations. It fails both because the debuginfo for such pre-installed system components is not available anywhere, and alsobecause it would require write privileges in those directories.

Be careful when using --dsymutil=yes, since it will cause pre-existing .dSYM directories to be silently deleted and re-created. Also note thatdsymutil is quite slow, sometimes excessively so.

--max-stackframe=<number> [default: 2000000]

The maximum size of a stack frame. If the stack pointer moves by more than this amount then Valgrind will assume that the program is switching to adifferent stack.

You may need to use this option if your program has large stack-allocated arrays. Valgrind keeps track of your program's stack pointer. If it changes bymore than the threshold amount, Valgrind assumes your program is switching to a different stack, and Memcheck behaves differently than it would for a stackpointer change smaller than the threshold. Usually this heuristic works well. However, if your program allocates large structures on the stack, this heuristicwill be fooled, and Memcheck will subsequently report large numbers of invalid stack accesses. This option allows you to change the threshold to a differentvalue.

You should only consider use of this option if Valgrind's debug output directs you to do so. In that case it will tell you the new threshold you shouldspecify.

In general, allocating large structures on the stack is a bad idea, because you can easily run out of stack space, especially on systems with limited memoryor which expect to support large numbers of threads each with a small stack, and also because the error checking performed by Memcheck is more effective forheap-allocated data than for stack-allocated data. If you have to use this option, you may wish to consider rewriting your code to allocate on the heap ratherthan on the stack.

--main-stacksize=<number> [default: use current 'ulimit' value]

Specifies the size of the main thread's stack.

To simplify its memory management, Valgrind reserves all required space for the main thread's stack at startup. That means it needs to know the requiredstack size at startup.

By default, Valgrind uses the current 'ulimit' value for the stack size, or 16 MB, whichever is lower. In many cases this gives a stack size in the range 8to 16 MB, which almost never overflows for most applications.

If you need a larger total stack size, use --main-stacksize to specify it. Only set it as high as you need, since reserving far more space than youneed (that is, hundreds of megabytes more than you need) constrains Valgrind's memory allocators and may reduce the total amount of memory that Valgrind canuse. This is only really of significance on 32-bit machines.

On Linux, you may request a stack of size up to 2GB. Valgrind will stop with a diagnostic message if the stack cannot be allocated.

--main-stacksize only affects the stack size for the program's initial thread. It has no bearing on the size of thread stacks, as Valgrind does notallocate those.

You may need to use both --main-stacksize and --max-stackframe together. It is important to understand that --main-stacksize sets themaximum total stack size, whilst --max-stackframe specifies the largest size of any one stack frame. You will have to work out the--main-stacksize value for yourself (usually, if your applications segfaults). But Valgrind will tell you the needed --max-stackframe size, ifnecessary.

As discussed further in the description of --max-stackframe, a requirement for a large stack is a sign of potential portability problems. You arebest advised to place all large data in heap-allocated memory.

MALLOC()-RELATED OPTIONS

For tools that use their own version of malloc (e.g. Memcheck, Massif, Helgrind, DRD), the following options apply.

--alignment=<number> [default: 8 or 16, depending on the platform]

By default Valgrind's malloc, realloc, etc, return a block whose starting address is 8-byte aligned or 16-byte aligned (the value depends onthe platform and matches the platform default). This option allows you to specify a different alignment. The supplied value must be greater than or equal tothe default, less than or equal to 4096, and must be a power of two.

--redzone-size=<number> [default: depends on the tool]

Valgrind's malloc, realloc, etc, add padding blocks before and after each heap block allocated by the program being run. Such padding blocks arecalled redzones. The default value for the redzone size depends on the tool. For example, Memcheck adds and protects a minimum of 16 bytes before and aftereach block allocated by the client. This allows it to detect block underruns or overruns of up to 16 bytes.

Increasing the redzone size makes it possible to detect overruns of larger distances, but increases the amount of memory used by Valgrind. Decreasing theredzone size will reduce the memory needed by Valgrind but also reduces the chances of detecting over/underruns, so is not recommended.

Uncommon Options

These options apply to all tools, as they affect certain obscure workings of the Valgrind core. Most people won't need to use them.

--smc-check=<none|stack|all|all-non-file> [default: stack]

This option controls Valgrind's detection of self-modifying code. If no checking is done, if a program executes some code, then overwrites it with new code,and executes the new code, Valgrind will continue to execute the translations it made for the old code. This will likely lead to incorrect behaviour and/orcrashes.

Valgrind has four levels of self-modifying code detection: no detection, detect self-modifying code on the stack (which is used by GCC to implement nestedfunctions), detect self-modifying code everywhere, and detect self-modifying code everywhere except in file-backed mappings. Note that the default option willcatch the vast majority of cases. The main case it will not catch is programs such as JIT compilers that dynamically generate code and subsequentlyoverwrite part or all of it. Running with all will slow Valgrind down noticeably. Running with none will rarely speed things up, since verylittle code gets put on the stack for most programs. The VALGRIND_DISCARD_TRANSLATIONS client request is an alternative to --smc-check=all thatrequires more programmer effort but allows Valgrind to run your program faster, by telling it precisely when translations need to be re-made.

--smc-check=all-non-file provides a cheaper but more limited version of --smc-check=all. It adds checks to any translations that do notoriginate from file-backed memory mappings. Typical applications that generate code, for example JITs in web browsers, generate code into anonymous mmapedareas, whereas the 'fixed' code of the browser always lives in file-backed mappings. --smc-check=all-non-file takes advantage of this observation,limiting the overhead of checking to code which is likely to be JIT generated.

Some architectures (including ppc32, ppc64, ARM and MIPS) require programs which create code at runtime to flush the instruction cache in between codegeneration and first use. Valgrind observes and honours such instructions. Hence, on ppc32/Linux, ppc64/Linux and ARM/Linux, Valgrind always provides complete,transparent support for self-modifying code. It is only on platforms such as x86/Linux, AMD64/Linux, x86/Darwin and AMD64/Darwin that you need to use thisoption.

--read-var-info=<yes|no> [default: no]

When enabled, Valgrind will read information about variable types and locations from DWARF3 debug info. This slows Valgrind down and makes it use morememory, but for the tools that can take advantage of it (Memcheck, Helgrind, DRD) it can result in more precise error messages. For example, here are somestandard errors issued by Memcheck:

And here are the same errors with --read-var-info=yes:

--vgdb-poll=<number> [default: 5000]

As part of its main loop, the Valgrind scheduler will poll to check if some activity (such as an external command or some input from a gdb) has to behandled by gdbserver. This activity poll will be done after having run the given number of basic blocks (or slightly more than the given number of basicblocks). This poll is quite cheap so the default value is set relatively low. You might further decrease this value if vgdb cannot use ptrace system call tointerrupt Valgrind if all threads are (most of the time) blocked in a system call.

--vgdb-shadow-registers=no|yes [default: no]

When activated, gdbserver will expose the Valgrind shadow registers to GDB. With this, the value of the Valgrind shadow registers can be examined or changedusing GDB. Exposing shadow registers only works with GDB version 7.1 or later.

--vgdb-prefix=<prefix> [default: /tmp/vgdb-pipe]

To communicate with gdb/vgdb, the Valgrind gdbserver creates 3 files (2 named FIFOs and a mmap shared memory file). The prefix option controls the directoryand prefix for the creation of these files.

--run-libc-freeres=<yes|no> [default: yes]

This option is only relevant when running Valgrind on Linux.

The GNU C library (libc.so), which is used by all programs, may allocate memory for its own uses. Usually it doesn't bother to free that memory whenthe program ends-there would be no point, since the Linux kernel reclaims all process resources when a process exits anyway, so it would just slow things down.

The glibc authors realised that this behaviour causes leak checkers, such as Valgrind, to falsely report leaks in glibc, when a leak check is done at exit.In order to avoid this, they provided a routine called __libc_freeres specifically to make glibc release all memory it has allocated. Memcheck thereforetries to run __libc_freeres at exit.

Unfortunately, in some very old versions of glibc, __libc_freeres is sufficiently buggy to cause segmentation faults. This was particularlynoticeable on Red Hat 7.1. So this option is provided in order to inhibit the run of __libc_freeres. If your program seems to run fine on Valgrind, butsegfaults at exit, you may find that --run-libc-freeres=no fixes that, although at the cost of possibly falsely reporting space leaks inlibc.so.

--sim-hints=hint1,hint2,...

Pass miscellaneous hints to Valgrind which slightly modify the simulated behaviour in nonstandard or dangerous ways, possibly to help the simulation ofstrange features. By default no hints are enabled. Use with caution! Currently known hints are:

• lax-ioctls: Be very lax about ioctl handling; the only assumption is that the size is correct. Doesn't require the full buffer to be initializedwhen writing. Without this, using some device drivers with a large number of strange ioctl commands becomes very tiresome.

• enable-outer: Enable some special magic needed when the program being run is itself Valgrind.

• no-inner-prefix: Disable printing a prefix > in front of each stdout or stderr output line in an inner Valgrind being run by an outerValgrind. This is useful when running Valgrind regression tests in an outer/inner setup. Note that the prefix > will always be printed in front ofthe inner debug logging lines.

• fuse-compatible: Enable special handling for certain system calls that may block in a FUSE file-system. This may be necessary when running Valgrindon a multi-threaded program that uses one thread to manage a FUSE file-system and another thread to access that file-system.

--fair-sched=<no|yes|try> [default: no]

The --fair-sched option controls the locking mechanism used by Valgrind to serialise thread execution. The locking mechanism controls the way thethreads are scheduled, and different settings give different trade-offs between fairness and performance. For more details about the Valgrind threadserialisation scheme and its impact on performance and thread scheduling, see ???.

• The value --fair-sched=yes activates a fair scheduler. In short, if multiple threads are ready to run, the threads will be scheduled in a roundrobin fashion. This mechanism is not available on all platforms or Linux versions. If not available, using --fair-sched=yes will cause Valgrind toterminate with an error.

You may find this setting improves overall responsiveness if you are running an interactive multithreaded program, for example a web browser, onValgrind.

Alternative To Valgrind Mac

• The value --fair-sched=try activates fair scheduling if available on the platform. Otherwise, it will automatically fall back to--fair-sched=no.

• The value --fair-sched=no activates a scheduler which does not guarantee fairness between threads ready to run, but which in general gives thehighest performance.

--kernel-variant=variant1,variant2,...

Handle system calls and ioctls arising from minor variants of the default kernel for this platform. This is useful for running on hacked kernels or withkernel modules which support nonstandard ioctls, for example. Use with caution. If you don't understand what this option does then you almost certainly don'tneed it. Currently known variants are:

• bproc: Support the sys_broc system call on x86. This is for running on BProc, which is a minor variant of standard Linux which is sometimesused for building clusters.

--show-emwarns=<yes|no> [default: no]

When enabled, Valgrind will emit warnings about its CPU emulation in certain cases. These are usually not interesting.

--require-text-symbol=:sonamepatt:fnnamepatt

When a shared object whose soname matches sonamepatt is loaded into the process, examine all the text symbols it exports. If none of those matchfnnamepatt, print an error message and abandon the run. This makes it possible to ensure that the run does not continue unless a given shared objectcontains a particular function name.

Both sonamepatt and fnnamepatt can be written using the usual ? and * wildcards. For example: ':*libc.so*:foo?bar'. Youmay use characters other than a colon to separate the two patterns. It is only important that the first character and the separator character are the same. Forexample, the above example could also be written 'Q*libc.so*Qfoo?bar'. Multiple --require-text-symbol flags are allowed, in which case sharedobjects that are loaded into the process will be checked against all of them.

The purpose of this is to support reliable usage of marked-up libraries. For example, suppose we have a version of GCC's libgomp.so which has beenmarked up with annotations to support Helgrind. It is only too easy and confusing to load the wrong, un-annotated libgomp.so into the application. Sothe idea is: add a text symbol in the marked-up library, for example annotated_for_helgrind_3_6, and then give the flag--require-text-symbol=:*libgomp*so*:annotated_for_helgrind_3_6 so that when libgomp.so is loaded, Valgrind scans its symbol table, and if thesymbol isn't present the run is aborted, rather than continuing silently with the un-marked-up library. Note that you should put the entire flag in quotes tostop shells expanding up the * and ? wildcards.

--soname-synonyms=syn1=pattern1,syn2=pattern2,...

When a shared library is loaded, Valgrind checks for functions in the library that must be replaced or wrapped. For example, Memcheck replaces all mallocrelated functions (malloc, free, calloc, ...) with its own versions. Such replacements are done by default only in shared libraries whose soname matches apredefined soname pattern (e.g. libc.so* on linux). By default, no replacement is done for a statically linked library or for alternative libraries suchas tcmalloc. In some cases, the replacements allow --soname-synonyms to specify one additional synonym pattern, giving flexibility in the replacement.

Currently, this flexibility is only allowed for the malloc related functions, using the synonym somalloc. This synonym is usable for all tools doingstandard replacement of malloc related functions (e.g. memcheck, massif, drd, helgrind, exp-dhat, exp-sgcheck).

• Alternate malloc library: to replace the malloc related functions in an alternate library with soname mymalloclib.so, give the option--soname-synonyms=somalloc=mymalloclib.so. A pattern can be used to match multiple libraries sonames. For example,--soname-synonyms=somalloc=*tcmalloc* will match the soname of all variants of the tcmalloc library (native, debug, profiled, ... tcmalloc variants).

Note: the soname of a elf shared library can be retrieved using the readelf utility.

• Replacements in a statically linked library are done by using the NONE pattern. For example, if you link with libtcmalloc.a, memcheck willproperly work when you give the option --soname-synonyms=somalloc=NONE. Note that a NONE pattern will match the main executable and any shared libraryhaving no soname.

• To run a 'default' Firefox build for Linux, in which JEMalloc is linked in to the main executable, use--soname-synonyms=somalloc=NONE.

Debugging Valgrind Options

There are also some options for debugging Valgrind itself. You shouldn't need to use them in the normal run of things. If you wish to see the list, use the--help-debug option.

Memcheck Options

--leak-check=<no|summary|yes|full> [default: summary]

When enabled, search for memory leaks when the client program finishes. If set to summary, it says how many leaks occurred. If set to full oryes, it also gives details of each individual leak.

--show-possibly-lost=<yes|no> [default: yes]

When disabled, the memory leak detector will not show 'possibly lost' blocks.

--leak-resolution=<low|med|high> [default: high]

When doing leak checking, determines how willing Memcheck is to consider different backtraces to be the same for the purposes of merging multiple leaks intoa single leak report. When set to low, only the first two entries need match. When med, four entries have to match. When high, all entriesneed to match.

For hardcore leak debugging, you probably want to use --leak-resolution=high together with --num-callers=40 or some such large number.

Note that the --leak-resolution setting does not affect Memcheck's ability to find leaks. It only changes how the results are presented.

--show-reachable=<yes|no> [default: no]

When disabled, the memory leak detector only shows 'definitely lost' and 'possibly lost' blocks. When enabled, the leak detector also shows 'reachable' and'indirectly lost' blocks. (In other words, it shows all blocks, except suppressed ones, so --show-all would be a better name for it.)

--undef-value-errors=<yes|no> [default: yes]

Controls whether Memcheck reports uses of undefined value errors. Set this to no if you don't want to see undefined value errors. It also has theside effect of speeding up Memcheck somewhat.

--track-origins=<yes|no> [default: no]

Controls whether Memcheck tracks the origin of uninitialised values. By default, it does not, which means that although it can tell you that anuninitialised value is being used in a dangerous way, it cannot tell you where the uninitialised value came from. This often makes it difficult to track downthe root problem.

When set to yes, Memcheck keeps track of the origins of all uninitialised values. Then, when an uninitialised value error is reported, Memcheck willtry to show the origin of the value. An origin can be one of the following four places: a heap block, a stack allocation, a client request, or miscellaneousother sources (eg, a call to brk).

For uninitialised values originating from a heap block, Memcheck shows where the block was allocated. For uninitialised values originating from a stackallocation, Memcheck can tell you which function allocated the value, but no more than that -- typically it shows you the source location of the opening braceof the function. So you should carefully check that all of the function's local variables are initialised properly.

Performance overhead: origin tracking is expensive. It halves Memcheck's speed and increases memory use by a minimum of 100MB, and possibly more.Nevertheless it can drastically reduce the effort required to identify the root cause of uninitialised value errors, and so is often a programmer productivitywin, despite running more slowly.

Accuracy: Memcheck tracks origins quite accurately. To avoid very large space and time overheads, some approximations are made. It is possible, althoughunlikely, that Memcheck will report an incorrect origin, or not be able to identify any origin.

Note that the combination --track-origins=yes and --undef-value-errors=no is nonsensical. Memcheck checks for and rejects this combination atstartup.

--partial-loads-ok=<yes|no> [default: no]

Controls how Memcheck handles word-sized, word-aligned loads from addresses for which some bytes are addressable and others are not. When yes, suchloads do not produce an address error. Instead, loaded bytes originating from illegal addresses are marked as uninitialised, and those corresponding to legaladdresses are handled in the normal way.

When no, loads from partially invalid addresses are treated the same as loads from completely invalid addresses: an illegal-address error is issued,and the resulting bytes are marked as initialised.

Note that code that behaves in this way is in violation of the the ISO C/C++ standards, and should be considered broken. If at all possible, such codeshould be fixed. This option should be used only as a last resort.

--freelist-vol=<number> [default: 20000000]

When the client program releases memory using free (in C) or delete (C++), that memory is not immediately made available for re-allocation. Instead,it is marked inaccessible and placed in a queue of freed blocks. The purpose is to defer as long as possible the point at which freed-up memory comes back intocirculation. This increases the chance that Memcheck will be able to detect invalid accesses to blocks for some significant period of time after they have beenfreed.

This option specifies the maximum total size, in bytes, of the blocks in the queue. The default value is twenty million bytes. Increasing this increases thetotal amount of memory used by Memcheck but may detect invalid uses of freed blocks which would otherwise go undetected.

--freelist-big-blocks=<number> [default: 1000000]

When making blocks from the queue of freed blocks available for re-allocation, Memcheck will in priority re-circulate the blocks with a size greater orequal to --freelist-big-blocks. This ensures that freeing big blocks (in particular freeing blocks bigger than --freelist-vol) does notimmediately lead to a re-circulation of all (or a lot of) the small blocks in the free list. In other words, this option increases the likelihood to discoverdangling pointers for the 'small' blocks, even when big blocks are freed.

Setting a value of 0 means that all the blocks are re-circulated in a FIFO order.

--workaround-gcc296-bugs=<yes|no> [default: no]

When enabled, assume that reads and writes some small distance below the stack pointer are due to bugs in GCC 2.96, and does not report them. The 'smalldistance' is 256 bytes by default. Note that GCC 2.96 is the default compiler on some ancient Linux distributions (RedHat 7.X) and so you may need to use thisoption. Do not use it if you do not have to, as it can cause real errors to be overlooked. A better alternative is to use a more recent GCC in which this bugis fixed.

You may also need to use this option when working with GCC 3.X or 4.X on 32-bit PowerPC Linux. This is because GCC generates code which occasionallyaccesses below the stack pointer, particularly for floating-point to/from integer conversions. This is in violation of the 32-bit PowerPC ELF specification,which makes no provision for locations below the stack pointer to be accessible.

--ignore-ranges=0xPP-0xQQ[,0xRR-0xSS]

Any ranges listed in this option (and multiple ranges can be specified, separated by commas) will be ignored by Memcheck's addressability checking.

--malloc-fill=<hexnumber>

Fills blocks allocated by malloc, new, etc, but not by calloc, with the specified byte. This can be useful when trying to shake out obscure memorycorruption problems. The allocated area is still regarded by Memcheck as undefined -- this option only affects its contents. Note that --malloc-filldoes not affect a block of memory when it is used as argument to client requests VALGRIND_MEMPOOL_ALLOC or VALGRIND_MALLOCLIKE_BLOCK.

--free-fill=<hexnumber>

Fills blocks freed by free, delete, etc, with the specified byte value. This can be useful when trying to shake out obscure memory corruption problems. Thefreed area is still regarded by Memcheck as not valid for access -- this option only affects its contents. Note that --free-fill does not affect a blockof memory when it is used as argument to client requests VALGRIND_MEMPOOL_FREE or VALGRIND_FREELIKE_BLOCK.

Cachegrind Options

--I1=<size>,<associativity>,<line size>

--dump-before=<function>

Dump when entering function.

--zero-before=<function>

Zero all costs when entering function.

--dump-after=<function>

Dump when leaving function.

--instr-atstart=<yes|no> [default: yes]

Specify if you want Callgrind to start simulation and profiling from the beginning of the program. When set to no, Callgrind will not be able to collect anyinformation, including calls, but it will have at most a slowdown of around 4, which is the minimum Valgrind overhead. Instrumentation can be interactivelyenabled via callgrind_control -i on.

Note that the resulting call graph will most probably not contain main, but will contain all the functions executed after instrumentation wasenabled. Instrumentation can also programatically enabled/disabled. See the Callgrind include file callgrind.h for the macro you have to use in your sourcecode.

For cache simulation, results will be less accurate when switching on instrumentation later in the program run, as the simulator starts with an empty cacheat that moment. Switch on event collection later to cope with this error.

--collect-atstart=<yes|no> [default: yes]

Specify whether event collection is enabled at beginning of the profile run.

To only look at parts of your program, you have two possibilities:

1. Zero event counters before entering the program part you want to profile, and dump the event counters to a file after leaving that program part.

2. Switch on/off collection state as needed to only see event counters happening while inside of the program part you want to profile.

The second option can be used if the program part you want to profile is called many times. Option 1, i.e. creating a lot of dumps is not practical here.

Collection state can be toggled at entry and exit of a given function with the option --toggle-collect. If you use this option, collection stateshould be disabled at the beginning. Note that the specification of --toggle-collect implicitly sets --collect-state=no.

Collection state can be toggled also by inserting the client request CALLGRIND_TOGGLE_COLLECT ; at the needed code positions.

--toggle-collect=<function>

Toggle collection on entry/exit of function.

--collect-jumps=<no|yes> [default: no]

This specifies whether information for (conditional) jumps should be collected. As above, callgrind_annotate currently is not able to show you the data. Youhave to use KCachegrind to get jump arrows in the annotated code.

--collect-systime=<no|yes> [default: no]

This specifies whether information for system call times should be collected.

--collect-bus=<no|yes> [default: no]

This specifies whether the number of global bus events executed should be collected. The event type 'Ge' is used for these events.

--cache-sim=<yes|no> [default: no]

Specify if you want to do full cache simulation. By default, only instruction read accesses will be counted ('Ir'). With cache simulation, further eventcounters are enabled: Cache misses on instruction reads ('I1mr'/'ILmr'), data read accesses ('Dr') and related cache misses ('D1mr'/'DLmr'), data writeaccesses ('Dw') and related cache misses ('D1mw'/'DLmw'). For more information, see ???.

--branch-sim=<yes|no> [default: no]

Specify if you want to do branch prediction simulation. Further event counters are enabled: Number of executed conditional branches and related predictormisses ('Bc'/'Bcm'), executed indirect jumps and related misses of the jump address predictor ('Bi'/'Bim').

Helgrind Options

--free-is-write=no|yes [default: no]

When enabled (not the default), Helgrind treats freeing of heap memory as if the memory was written immediately before the free. This exposes races wherememory is referenced by one thread, and freed by another, but there is no observable synchronisation event to ensure that the reference happens before thefree.

This functionality is new in Valgrind 3.7.0, and is regarded as experimental. It is not enabled by default because its interaction with custom memoryallocators is not well understood at present. User feedback is welcomed.

--track-lockorders=no|yes [default: yes]

When enabled (the default), Helgrind performs lock order consistency checking. For some buggy programs, the large number of lock order errors reported canbecome annoying, particularly if you're only interested in race errors. You may therefore find it helpful to disable lock order checking.

--history-level=none|approx|full [default: full]

--history-level=full (the default) causes Helgrind collects enough information about 'old' accesses that it can produce two stack traces in a racereport -- both the stack trace for the current access, and the trace for the older, conflicting access. To limit memory usage, 'old' accesses stack traces arelimited to a maximum of 8 entries, even if --num-callers value is bigger.

Collecting such information is expensive in both speed and memory, particularly for programs that do many inter-thread synchronisation events (locks,unlocks, etc). Without such information, it is more difficult to track down the root causes of races. Nonetheless, you may not need it in situations where youjust want to check for the presence or absence of races, for example, when doing regression testing of a previously race-free program.

--history-level=none is the opposite extreme. It causes Helgrind not to collect any information about previous accesses. This can be dramaticallyfaster than --history-level=full.

--history-level=approx provides a compromise between these two extremes. It causes Helgrind to show a full trace for the later access, andapproximate information regarding the earlier access. This approximate information consists of two stacks, and the earlier access is guaranteed to haveoccurred somewhere between program points denoted by the two stacks. This is not as useful as showing the exact stack for the previous access (as--history-level=full does), but it is better than nothing, and it is almost as fast as --history-level=none.

--conflict-cache-size=N [default: 1000000]

This flag only has any effect at --history-level=full.

Information about 'old' conflicting accesses is stored in a cache of limited size, with LRU-style management. This is necessary because it isn't practicalto store a stack trace for every single memory access made by the program. Historical information on not recently accessed locations is periodically discarded,to free up space in the cache.

This option controls the size of the cache, in terms of the number of different memory addresses for which conflicting access information is stored. If youfind that Helgrind is showing race errors with only one stack instead of the expected two stacks, try increasing this value.

The minimum value is 10,000 and the maximum is 30,000,000 (thirty times the default value). Increasing the value by 1 increases Helgrind's memoryrequirement by very roughly 100 bytes, so the maximum value will easily eat up three extra gigabytes or so of memory.

--check-stack-refs=no|yes [default: yes]

By default Helgrind checks all data memory accesses made by your program. This flag enables you to skip checking for accesses to thread stacks (localvariables). This can improve performance, but comes at the cost of missing races on stack-allocated data.

Drd Options

--check-stack-var=<yes|no> [default: no]

• Don't enable this option when using reference-counted objects because that will result in false positives, even when that code has been annotated properlywith ANNOTATE_HAPPENS_BEFORE and ANNOTATE_HAPPENS_AFTER. See e.g. the output of the following command for an example: valgrind --tool=drd --free-is-write=yesdrd/tests/annotate_smart_pointer.

--report-signal-unlocked=<yes|no> [default: yes]

Whether to report calls to pthread_cond_signal and pthread_cond_broadcast where the mutex associated with the signal throughpthread_cond_wait or pthread_cond_timed_waitis not locked at the time the signal is sent. Sending a signal without holding a lock on theassociated mutex is a common programming error which can cause subtle race conditions and unpredictable behavior. There exist some uncommon synchronizationpatterns however where it is safe to send a signal without holding a lock on the associated mutex.

--segment-merging=<yes|no> [default: yes]

Controls segment merging. Segment merging is an algorithm to limit memory usage of the data race detection algorithm. Disabling segment merging may improvethe accuracy of the so-called 'other segments' displayed in race reports but can also trigger an out of memory error.

--segment-merging-interval=<n> [default: 10]

Perform segment merging only after the specified number of new segments have been created. This is an advanced configuration option that allows to choosewhether to minimize DRD's memory usage by choosing a low value or to let DRD run faster by choosing a slightly higher value. The optimal value for thisparameter depends on the program being analyzed. The default value works well for most programs.

--shared-threshold=<n> [default: off]

Print an error message if a reader lock has been held longer than the specified time (in milliseconds). This option enables the detection of lockcontention.

--show-confl-seg=<yes|no> [default: yes]

Show conflicting segments in race reports. Since this information can help to find the cause of a data race, this option is enabled by default. Disablingthis option makes the output of DRD more compact.

--show-stack-usage=<yes|no> [default: no]

Print stack usage at thread exit time. When a program creates a large number of threads it becomes important to limit the amount of virtual memory allocatedfor thread stacks. This option makes it possible to observe how much stack memory has been used by each thread of the the client program. Note: the DRD toolitself allocates some temporary data on the client thread stack. The space necessary for this temporary data must be allocated by the client program when itallocates stack memory, but is not included in stack usage reported by DRD.

--trace-addr=<address> [default: none]

Trace all load and store activity for the specified address. This option may be specified more than once.

--ptrace-addr=<address> [default: none]

Trace all load and store activity for the specified address and keep doing that even after the memory at that address has been freed andreallocated.

--trace-alloc=<yes|no> [default: no]

Trace all memory allocations and deallocations. May produce a huge amount of output.

--trace-barrier=<yes|no> [default: no]

Trace all barrier activity.

--trace-cond=<yes|no> [default: no]

Trace all condition variable activity.

--trace-fork-join=<yes|no> [default: no]

Trace all thread creation and all thread termination events.

--trace-hb=<yes|no> [default: no]

Trace execution of the ANNOTATE_HAPPENS_BEFORE(), ANNOTATE_HAPPENS_AFTER() and ANNOTATE_HAPPENS_DONE() client requests.

--trace-mutex=<yes|no> [default: no]

Trace all mutex activity.

--trace-rwlock=<yes|no> [default: no]

Trace all reader-writer lock activity.

--trace-semaphore=<yes|no> [default: no]

Trace all semaphore activity.

Massif Options

--heap=<yes|no> [default: yes]

Specifies whether heap profiling should be done.

--heap-admin=<size> [default: 8]

If heap profiling is enabled, gives the number of administrative bytes per block to use. This should be an estimate of the average, since it may vary. Forexample, the allocator used by glibc on Linux requires somewhere between 4 to 15 bytes per block, depending on various factors. That allocator also requiresadmin space for freed blocks, but Massif cannot account for this.

--stacks=<yes|no> [default: no]

Specifies whether stack profiling should be done. This option slows Massif down greatly, and so is off by default. Note that Massif assumes that the mainstack has size zero at start-up. This is not true, but doing otherwise accurately is difficult. Furthermore, starting at zero better indicates the size of thepart of the main stack that a user program actually has control over.

--pages-as-heap=<yes|no> [default: no]

Tells Massif to profile memory at the page level rather than at the malloc'd block level. See above for details.

--depth=<number> [default: 30]

Maximum depth of the allocation trees recorded for detailed snapshots. Increasing it will make Massif run somewhat more slowly, use more memory, and producebigger output files.

--alloc-fn=<name>

Functions specified with this option will be treated as though they were a heap allocation function such as malloc. This is useful for functions thatare wrappers to malloc or new, which can fill up the allocation trees with uninteresting information. This option can be specified multiple timeson the command line, to name multiple functions.

Note that the named function will only be treated this way if it is the top entry in a stack trace, or just below another function treated this way. Forexample, if you have a function malloc1 that wraps malloc, and malloc2 that wraps malloc1, just specifying--alloc-fn=malloc2 will have no effect. You need to specify --alloc-fn=malloc1 as well. This is a little inconvenient, but the reason is thatchecking for allocation functions is slow, and it saves a lot of time if Massif can stop looking through the stack trace entries as soon as it finds one thatdoesn't match rather than having to continue through all the entries.

Note that C++ names are demangled. Note also that overloaded C++ names must be written in full. Single quotes may be necessary to prevent the shell frombreaking them up. For example:

--ignore-fn=<name>

Any direct heap allocation (i.e. a call to malloc, new, etc, or a call to a function named by an --alloc-fn option) that occurs in afunction specified by this option will be ignored. This is mostly useful for testing purposes. This option can be specified multiple times on the command line,to name multiple functions.

Any realloc of an ignored block will also be ignored, even if the realloc call does not occur in an ignored function. This avoids thepossibility of negative heap sizes if ignored blocks are shrunk with realloc.

The rules for writing C++ function names are the same as for --alloc-fn above.

--threshold=<m.n> [default: 1.0]

The significance threshold for heap allocations, as a percentage of total memory size. Allocation tree entries that account for less than this will beaggregated. Note that this should be specified in tandem with ms_print's option of the same name.

--peak-inaccuracy=<m.n> [default: 1.0]

Massif does not necessarily record the actual global memory allocation peak; by default it records a peak only when the global memory allocation sizeexceeds the previous peak by at least 1.0%. This is because there can be many local allocation peaks along the way, and doing a detailed snapshot for every onewould be expensive and wasteful, as all but one of them will be later discarded. This inaccuracy can be changed (even to 0.0%) via this option, but Massif willrun drastically slower as the number approaches zero.

--time-unit=<i|ms|B> [default: i]

The time unit used for the profiling. There are three possibilities: instructions executed (i), which is good for most cases; real (wallclock) time (ms,i.e. milliseconds), which is sometimes useful; and bytes allocated/deallocated on the heap and/or stack (B), which is useful for very short-run programs, andfor testing purposes, because it is the most reproducible across different machines.

--detailed-freq=<n> [default: 10]

Frequency of detailed snapshots. With --detailed-freq=1, every snapshot is detailed.

--max-snapshots=<n> [default: 100]

The maximum number of snapshots recorded. If set to N, for all programs except very short-running ones, the final number of snapshots will be between N/2and N.

--massif-out-file=<file> [default: massif.out.%p]

Write the profile data to file rather than to the default output file, massif.out.<pid>. The %p and %q format specifiers can be used toembed the process ID and/or the contents of an environment variable in the name, as is the case for the core option --log-file.

Sgcheck Options

<xi:include></xi:include>.SH 'BBV OPTIONS'

--bb-out-file=<name> [default: bb.out.%p]

--instr-count-only [default: no]

This option tells the tool to only display instruction count totals, and to not generate the actual basic block vector file. This is useful for debugging,and for gathering instruction count info without generating the large basic block vector files.

Lackey Options

--basic-counts=<no|yes> [default: yes]

5. Ratios between some of these counts.

6. The exit code of the client program.

--detailed-counts=<no|yes> [default: no]

When enabled, Lackey prints a table containing counts of loads, stores and ALU operations, differentiated by their IR types. The IR types are identified bytheir IR name ('I1', 'I8', ... 'I128', 'F32', 'F64', and 'V128').

--trace-mem=<no|yes> [default: no]

When enabled, Lackey prints the size and address of almost every memory access made by the program. See the comments at the top of the file lackey/lk_main.cfor details about the output format, how it works, and inaccuracies in the address trace. Note that this option produces immense amounts of output.

--trace-superblocks=<no|yes> [default: no]

When enabled, Lackey prints out the address of every superblock (a single entry, multiple exit, linear chunk of code) executed by the program. This isprimarily of interest to Valgrind developers. See the comments at the top of the file lackey/lk_main.c for details about the output format. Note that thisoption produces large amounts of output.

--fnname=<name> [default: main]

Changes the function for which calls are counted when --basic-counts=yes is specified.

See Also

cg_annotate(1), callgrind_annotate(1), callgrind_control(1), ms_print(1), $INSTALL/share/doc/valgrind/html/index.html orhttp://www.valgrind.org/docs/manual/index.html.

Author

The Valgrind developers.

This manpage was written by Andres Roldan <aroldan@debian.org> and the Valgrind developers.

Referenced By

lit(1),pulseaudio(1)