Generate Pre Shared Key Online

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  • Generate a pre shared key (PSK) for use in this VPN. PSK is really not a password, it's a key and you must make absolutely sure it is transferred to remote end in a secure way by using PGP/GPG or ssh. Secure PSK should be at. Chapter 11 IPsec VPN for FortiOS 5.0: Auto Key phase 1 parameters.
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  1. Go to Certificates > Certificates and click Add.
  2. For Action, select Generate self-signed certificate.
  3. Specify the certificate details.

    Name

    Description

    Name

    Enter a name.

    Valid until

    Specify the certificate’s validity period.

    Key type

    Select from the following:

    • RSA
    • Elliptic curve

    Key length

    If you’ve set the key type to RSA, select the key length. It's the number of bits used to construct the key.

    Larger keys offer greater security, but it takes longer to encrypt and decrypt data.

    Curve name

    If you’ve set the key type to Elliptic curve, select the curve name.

    Do not select secp521r1 for websites and the XG Firewall web admin console. A version of Google Chrome does not support the curve on certain operating systems.

    Secure hash

    Select the algorithm from the list.

    Key encryption

    Select key encryption if you want to encrypt the private key.

    Passphrase/PSK

    If you select key encryption, enter a passphrase or a pre-shared key and reconfirm.

    Certificate ID

    Select the type of certificate ID to identify the device and specify the ID.

    • DNS: Enter the domain name. The name must resolve to the IP address in the DNS records.
    • IP address: Use this if you want to use a public IP address that you own.
    • Email: Email address of the contact person.
    • DER ASN1 DN [X.509]: Use this if you want a digital certificate.

    Example certificate detail data is shown below, you will need to enter details for your own domain.

  4. Specify the following identification attributes:

    Name

    Description

    Country name

    Country in which the device is deployed.

    State

    The state within the country.

    Locality name

    Name of the city.

    Organization name

    Name of the certificate owner. Example: Sophos Group

    Organization unit name

    Name of the department to which the certificate will be assigned. Example: marketing

    Common name

    Common name or FQDN. Example: marketing.sophos.com

    Email address

    Contact person’s email address.

    Example ID attributes are shown below, you will need to enter details for your own organization.

  5. Select Save to generate the self-signed certificate.

WPA PSK (Raw Key) Generator The Wireshark WPA Pre-shared Key Generator provides an easy way to convert a WPA passphrase and SSID to the 256-bit pre-shared ('raw') key used for key derivation.

Download this certificate and send it to the remote peer with whom you want to establish the connection.
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Every request made against a storage service must be authorized, unless the request is for a blob or container resource that has been made available for public or signed access. One option for authorizing a request is by using Shared Key, described in this article.

Tip

Azure Storage supports integration with Azure Active Directory for fine-grained control over access to storage resources. Azure AD integration is supported for the Blob and Queue services. Because Azure AD provides identity management, you can authorize access to storage resources without storing your account access keys in your applications, as you do with Shared Key. For more information, see Authorize with Azure Active Directory.

The Blob, Queue, Table, and File services support the following Shared Key authorization schemes for version 2009-09-19 and later (for Blob, Queue, and Table service) and version 2014-02-14 and later (for File service):

  • Shared Key for Blob, Queue, and File Services. Use the Shared Key authorization scheme to make requests against the Blob, Queue, and File services. Shared Key authorization in version 2009-09-19 and later supports an augmented signature string for enhanced security and requires that you update your service to authorize using this augmented signature.

  • Shared Key for Table Service. Use the Shared Key authorization scheme to make requests against the Table service using the REST API. Shared Key authorization for the Table service in version 2009-09-19 and later uses the same signature string as in previous versions of the Table service.

  • Shared Key Lite. Use the Shared Key Lite authorization scheme to make requests against the Blob, Queue, Table, and File services.

    For version 2009-09-19 and later of the Blob and Queue services, Shared Key Lite authorization supports using a signature string identical to what was supported against Shared Key in previous versions of the Blob and Queue services. You can therefore use Shared Key Lite to make requests against the Blob and Queue services without updating your signature string.

An authorized request requires two headers: the Date or x-ms-date header and the Authorization header. The following sections describe how to construct these headers.

Important

Azure Storage support both HTTP and HTTPS, but using HTTPS is highly recommended.

Note

A container or blob may be made available for public access by setting a container's permissions. For more information, see Manage Access to Azure Storage Resources. A container, blob, queue, or table may be available for signed access via a shared access signature; a shared access signature is authorized through a different mechanism. See Delegate access with a shared access signature for more details.

Specifying the Date header

All authorized requests must include the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) timestamp for the request. You can specify the timestamp either in the x-ms-date header, or in the standard HTTP/HTTPS Date header. If both headers are specified on the request, the value of x-ms-date is used as the request's time of creation.

The storage services ensure that a request is no older than 15 minutes by the time it reaches the service. This guards against certain security attacks, including replay attacks. When this check fails, the server returns response code 403 (Forbidden).

Note

The x-ms-date header is provided because some HTTP client libraries and proxies automatically set the Date header, and do not give the developer an opportunity to read its value in order to include it in the authorized request. If you set x-ms-date, construct the signature with an empty value for the Date header.

Specifying the Authorization header

An authorized request must include the Authorization header. If this header is not included, the request is anonymous and may only succeed against a container or blob that is marked for public access, or against a container, blob, queue, or table for which a shared access signature has been provided for delegated access.

To authorize a request, you must sign the request with the key for the account that is making the request and pass that signature as part of the request.

The format for the Authorization header is as follows:

where SharedKey or SharedKeyLite is the name of the authorization scheme, AccountName is the name of the account requesting the resource, and Signature is a Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC) constructed from the request and computed by using the SHA256 algorithm, and then encoded by using Base64 encoding.

Note

It is possible to request a resource that resides beneath a different account, if that resource is publicly accessible.

The following sections describe how to construct the Authorization header.

Constructing the signature string

How you construct the signature string depends on which service and version you are authorizing against and which authorization scheme you are using. When constructing the signature string, keep in mind the following:

  • The VERB portion of the string is the HTTP verb, such as GET or PUT, and must be uppercase.

  • For Shared Key authorization for the Blob, Queue, and File services, each header included in the signature string may appear only once. If any header is duplicated, the service returns status code 400 (Bad Request).

  • The values of all standard HTTP headers must be included in the string in the order shown in the signature format, without the header names. These headers may be empty if they are not being specified as part of the request; in that case, only the new-line character is required.

  • If the x-ms-date header is specified, you may ignore the Date header, regardless of whether it is specified on the request, and simply specify an empty line for the Date portion of the signature string. In this case, follow the instructions in the Constructing the canonicalized headers string section for adding the x-ms-date header.

    It is acceptable to specify both x-ms-date and Date; in this case, the service uses the value of x-ms-date.

  • If the x-ms-date header is not specified, specify the Date header in the signature string, without including the header name.

  • All new-line characters (n) shown are required within the signature string.

  • The signature string includes canonicalized headers and canonicalized resource strings. Canonicalizing these strings puts them into a standard format that is recognized by Azure Storage. For detailed information on constructing the CanonicalizedHeaders and CanonicalizedResource strings that make up part of the signature string, see the appropriate sections later in this topic.

Blob, Queue, and File Services (Shared Key authorization)

To encode the Shared Key signature string for a request against the 2009-09-19 version and later of the Blob or Queue service, and version 2014-02-14 and later of the File service, use the following format:

Important

In the current version, the Content-Length field must be an empty string if the content length of the request is zero. In version 2014-02-14 and earlier, the content length was included even if zero. See below for more information on the old behavior.

The following example shows a signature string for a Get Blob operation. Where there is no header value, the new-line character only is specified.

Breaking this down line-by-line shows each portion of the same string:

Next, encode this string by using the HMAC-SHA256 algorithm over the UTF-8-encoded signature string, construct the Authorization header, and add the header to the request. The following example shows the Authorization header for the same operation:

To use Shared Key authorization with version 2009-09-19 and later of the Blob and Queue services, you must update your code to use this augmented signature string.

If you prefer to migrate your code to version 2009-09-19 or later of the Blob and Queue services with the fewest possible changes, you can modify your existing Authorization headers to use Shared Key Lite instead of Shared Key. The signature format required by Shared Key Lite is identical to that required for Shared Key by versions of the Blob and Queue services prior to 2009-09-19.

Important

If you are accessing the secondary location in a storage account for which read-access geo-replication (RA-GRS) is enabled, do not include the -secondary designation in the authorization header. For authorization purposes, the account name is always the name of the primary location, even for secondary access.

Content-Length header in version 2014-02-14 and earlier

When using version 2014-02-14 or earlier, if Content-Length is zero, then set the Content-Length part of the StringToSign to 0. Normally this would be an empty string.

For example, for the following request, the value of the Content-Length header is included in the StringToSign even when it is zero.

The StringToSign is constructed as follows:

Whereas in versions after to 2014-02-14, the StringToSign must contain an empty string for Content-Length:

Table service (Shared Key authorization)

You must use Shared Key authorization to authorize a request made against the Table service if your service is using the REST API to make the request. The format of the signature string for Shared Key against the Table service is the same for all versions.

The Shared Key signature string for a request against the Table service differs slightly from that for a request against the Blob or Queue service, in that it does not include the CanonicalizedHeaders portion of the string. Additionally, the Date header in this case is never empty even if the request sets the x-ms-date header. If the request sets x-ms-date, that value is also used for the value of the Date header.

To encode the signature string for a request against the Table service made using the REST API, use the following format:

Pre

Note

Beginning with version 2009-09-19, the Table service requires that all REST calls include the DataServiceVersion and MaxDataServiceVersion headers. See Setting the OData Data Service Version Headers for more information.

Blob, Queue, and File services (Shared Key Lite authorization)

You may use Shared Key Lite authorization to authorize a request made against the 2009-09-19 version and later of the Blob and Queue services, and version 2014-02-14 and later of the File services.

The signature string for Shared Key Lite is identical to the signature string required for Shared Key authorization in versions of the Blob and Queue services prior to 2009-09-19. So if you wish to migrate your code with the least number of changes to version 2009-09-19 of the Blob and Queue services, you can modify your code to use Shared Key Lite, without changing the signature string itself. By using Shared Key Lite, you will not gain the enhanced security functionality provided by using Shared Key with version 2009-09-19 and later.

To encode the signature string for a request against the Blob or Queue service, use the following format:

The following example shows a signature string for a Put Blob operation. Note that the Content-MD5 header line is empty. The headers shown in the string are name-value pairs that specify custom metadata values for the new blob.

Next, encode this string by using the HMAC-SHA256 algorithm over the UTF-8-encoded signature string, construct the Authorization header, and add the header to the request. The following example shows the Authorization header for the same operation:

Table service (Shared Key Lite authorization)

You can use Shared Key Lite authorization to authorize a request made against any version of the Table service.

To encode the signature string for a request against the Table service using Shared Key Lite, use the following format:

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The following example shows a signature string for a Create Table operation.

Next, encode this string by using the HMAC-SHA256 algorithm, construct the Authorization header, and then add the header to the request. The following example shows the Authorization header for the same operation:

Constructing the canonicalized headers string

To construct the CanonicalizedHeaders portion of the signature string, follow these steps:

  1. Retrieve all headers for the resource that begin with x-ms-, including the x-ms-date header.

  2. Convert each HTTP header name to lowercase.

  3. Sort the headers lexicographically by header name, in ascending order. Each header may appear only once in the string.

    Note

    Lexicographical ordering may not always coincide with conventional alphabetical ordering.

  4. Replace any linear whitespace in the header value with a single space.

Linear whitespace includes carriage return/line feed (CRLF), spaces, and tabs. See RFC 2616, section 4.2 for details. Do not replace any whitespace inside a quoted string.

  1. Trim any whitespace around the colon in the header.

  2. Finally, append a new-line character to each canonicalized header in the resulting list. Construct the CanonicalizedHeaders string by concatenating all headers in this list into a single string.

The following shows an example of a canonicalized headers string:

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x-ms-date:Sat, 21 Feb 2015 00:48:38 GMTnx-ms-version:2014-02-14n

Note

Prior to service version 2016-05-31, headers with empty values were omitted from the signature string. These are now represented in CanonicalizedHeaders by immediately following the colon character with the terminating new-line.

Constructing the canonicalized resource string

The CanonicalizedResource part of the signature string represents the storage services resource targeted by the request. Any portion of the CanonicalizedResource string that is derived from the resource's URI should be encoded exactly as it is in the URI.

There are two supported formats for the CanonicalizedResource string:

  • A format that supports Shared Key authorization for version 2009-09-19 and later of the Blob and Queue services, and for version 2014-02-14 and later of the File service.

  • A format that supports Shared Key and Shared Key Lite for all versions of the Table service, and Shared Key Lite for version 2009-09-19 and later of the Blob and Queue services. This format is identical to that used with previous versions of the storage services.

For help constructing the URI for the resource you are accessing, see one of the following topics:

  • Blob service: Naming and Referencing Containers, Blobs, and Metadata

  • Queue service: Addressing Queue Service Resources

  • Table service: Addressing Table Service Resources

  • File service: Naming and Referencing Shares, Directories, Files, and Metadata

Important

If your storage account is replicated with read-access geo-replication (RA-GRS), and you are accessing a resource in the secondary location, do not include the –secondary designation in the CanonicalizedResource string. The resource URI used in the CanonicalizedResource string URI should be the URI of the resource at the primary location.

Note

If you are authorizing against the storage emulator, the account name will appear twice in the CanonicalizedResource string. This is expected. If you are authorizing against Azure storage services, the account name will appear only one time in the CanonicalizedResource string.

Shared Key format for 2009-09-19 and later

This format supports Shared Key authorization for the 2009-09-19 version and later of the Blob and Queue services, and the 2014-02-14 version and later of the File services. Construct the CanonicalizedResource string in this format as follows:

  1. Beginning with an empty string ('), append a forward slash (/), followed by the name of the account that owns the resource being accessed.

  2. Append the resource's encoded URI path, without any query parameters.

  3. Retrieve all query parameters on the resource URI, including the comp parameter if it exists.

  4. Convert all parameter names to lowercase.

  5. Sort the query parameters lexicographically by parameter name, in ascending order.

  6. URL-decode each query parameter name and value.

  7. Include a new-line character (n) before each name-value pair.

  8. Append each query parameter name and value to the string in the following format, making sure to include the colon (:) between the name and the value:

    parameter-name:parameter-value

  9. If a query parameter has more than one value, sort all values lexicographically, then include them in a comma-separated list:

    parameter-name:parameter-value-1,parameter-value-2,parameter-value-n

Keep in mind the following rules for constructing the canonicalized resource string:

  • Avoid using the new-line character (n) in values for query parameters. If it must be used, ensure that it does not affect the format of the canonicalized resource string.

  • Avoid using commas in query parameter values.

Here are some examples that show the CanonicalizedResource portion of the signature string, as it may be constructed from a given request URI:

Generate Pre Shared Key Online

Shared Key Lite and Table service format for 2009-09-19 and later

This format supports Shared Key and Shared Key Lite for all versions of the Table service, and Shared Key Lite for version 2009-09-19 and later of the Blob and Queue services and version 2014-02-14 and later of the File service. This format is identical to that used with previous versions of the storage services. Construct the CanonicalizedResource string in this format as follows:

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  1. Beginning with an empty string ('), append a forward slash (/), followed by the name of the account that owns the resource being accessed.

  2. Append the resource's encoded URI path. If the request URI addresses a component of the resource, append the appropriate query string. The query string should include the question mark and the comp parameter (for example, ?comp=metadata). No other parameters should be included on the query string.

Encoding the signature

To encode the signature, call the HMAC-SHA256 algorithm on the UTF-8-encoded signature string and encode the result as Base64. Note that you also need to Base64-decode your storage account key. Use the following format (shown as pseudocode):

Generate Pre Shared Key Online Generator

See also